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A PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of chunks , encoding the basic pixels and other information such as textual comments and integrity checks documented in RFC The patent required that all software supporting GIF pay royalties, leading to a flurry of criticism from Usenet users.
One of them was Thomas Boutell, who on 4 January posted a precursory discussion thread on the Usenet newsgroup "comp. Other users in that thread put forth many propositions that would later be part of the final file format. Other suggestions later implemented included the deflate compression algorithm and bit color support, the lack of the latter in GIF also motivating the team to create their file format. The group would become known as the PNG Development Group, and as the discussion rapidly expanded, it later used a mailing list associated with a CompuServe forum.
The specification was revised on 31 December as version 1. Version 1. MNG achieved moderate application support, but not enough among mainstream web browsers and no usage among web site designers or publishers.
With this all major browsers now support APNG. The original PNG specification was authored by an ad hoc group of computer graphics experts and enthusiasts. Discussions and decisions about the format were conducted by email. The original authors listed on RFC are: [12]. A PNG file starts with an 8- byte signature [13] refer to hex editor image on the right :. After the header, comes a series of chunks , [14] each of which conveys certain information about the image.
Chunks declare themselves as critical or ancillary , and a program encountering an ancillary chunk that it does not understand can safely ignore it. This chunk-based storage layer structure, similar in concept to a container format or to Amiga ' s IFF , is designed to allow the PNG format to be extended while maintaining compatibility with older versions—it provides forward compatibility , and this same file structure with different signature and chunks is used in the associated MNG , JNG , and APNG formats.
The case of the different letters in the name bit 5 of the numeric value of the character is a bit field that provides the decoder with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize. The case of the first letter indicates whether the chunk is critical or not.
If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical; if not, the chunk is ancillary. Critical chunks contain information that is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize, it must abort reading the file or supply the user with an appropriate warning.
The case of the second letter indicates whether the chunk is "public" either in the specification or the registry of special-purpose public chunks or "private" not standardised.
Uppercase is public and lowercase is private. This ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with each other although two private chunk names could conflict. The third letter must be uppercase to conform to the PNG specification.
It is reserved for future expansion. Decoders should treat a chunk with a lower case third letter the same as any other unrecognised chunk. The case of the fourth letter indicates whether the chunk is safe to copy by editors that do not recognize it.
If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. If uppercase, it may only be copied if the modifications have not touched any critical chunks. As stated in the World Wide Web Consortium , bit depth is defined as "the number of bits per sample or per palette index not per pixel ".
The PLTE chunk is essential for color type 3 indexed color. It is optional for color types 2 and 6 truecolor and truecolor with alpha and it must not appear for color types 0 and 4 grayscale and grayscale with alpha.
Other image attributes that can be stored in PNG files include gamma values, background color, and textual metadata information.
The lowercase first letter in these chunks indicates that they are not needed for the PNG specification. The lowercase last letter in some chunks indicates that they are safe to copy, even if the application concerned does not understand them. Pixels in PNG images are numbers that may be either indices of sample data in the palette or the sample data itself. The palette is a separate table contained in the PLTE chunk. Sample data for a single pixel consists of a tuple of between one and four numbers.
Whether the pixel data represents palette indices or explicit sample values, the numbers are referred to as channels and every number in the image is encoded with an identical format. The permitted formats encode each number as an unsigned integer value using a fixed number of bits, referred to in the PNG specification as the bit depth.
Notice that this is not the same as color depth , which is commonly used to refer to the total number of bits in each pixel, not each channel. The permitted bit depths are summarized in the table along with the total number of bits used for each pixel. The number of channels depends on whether the image is grayscale or color and whether it has an alpha channel.
PNG allows the following combinations of channels, called the color type. The color type is specified as an 8-bit value however only the low 3 bits are used and, even then, only the five combinations listed above are permitted. So long as the color type is valid it can be considered as a bit field as summarized in the adjacent table:.
With indexed color images, the palette always stores trichromatic colors at a depth of 8 bits per channel 24 bits per palette entry. Additionally, an optional list of 8-bit alpha values for the palette entries may be included; if not included, or if shorter than the palette, the remaining palette entries are assumed to be opaque.
The palette must not have more entries than the image bit depth allows for, but it may have fewer for example, if an image with 8-bit pixels only uses 90 colors then it does not need palette entries for all colors.
The palette must contain entries for all the pixel values present in the image. The standard allows indexed color PNGs to have 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits per pixel; grayscale images with no alpha channel may have 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits per pixel. Everything else uses a bit depth per channel of either 8 or The combinations this allows are given in the table above.
The standard requires that decoders can read all supported color formats, but many image editors can only produce a small subset of them. PNG offers a variety of transparency options.
With true-color and grayscale images either a single pixel value can be declared as transparent or an alpha channel can be added enabling any percentage of partial transparency to be used. For paletted images, alpha values can be added to palette entries. The number of such values stored may be less than the total number of palette entries, in which case the remaining entries are considered fully opaque.
The scanning of pixel values for binary transparency is supposed to be performed before any color reduction to avoid pixels becoming unintentionally transparent. This is most likely to pose an issue for systems that can decode bits-per-channel images as is required for compliance with the specification but only output at 8 bits per channel the norm for all but the highest end systems.
Alpha storage can be "associated" " premultiplied " or "unassociated", but PNG standardized [29] on "unassociated" "non-premultiplied" alpha, which means that imagery is not alpha encoded ; the emissions represented in RGB are not the emissions at the pixel level. This means that the over operation will multiply the RGB emissions by the alpha, and cannot represent emission and occlusion properly. Compared to formats with lossy compression such as JPEG, choosing a compression setting higher than average delays processing, but often does not result in a significantly smaller file size.
Before DEFLATE is applied, the data is transformed via a prediction method: a single filter method is used for the entire image, while for each image line, a filter type is chosen to transform the data to make it more efficiently compressible. There is only one filter method in the current PNG specification denoted method 0 , and thus in practice the only choice is which filter type to apply to each line. For this method, the filter predicts the value of each pixel based on the values of previous neighboring pixels, and subtracts the predicted color of the pixel from the actual value, as in DPCM.
An image line filtered in this way is often more compressible than the raw image line would be, especially if it is similar to the line above, since the differences from prediction will generally be clustered around 0, rather than spread over all possible image values. This is particularly important in relating separate rows, since DEFLATE has no understanding that an image is a 2D entity, and instead just sees the image data as a stream of bytes. There are five filter types for filter method 0; each type predicts the value of each byte of the image data before filtering based on the corresponding byte of the pixel to the left A , the pixel above B , and the pixel above and to the left C or some combination thereof, and encodes the difference between the predicted value and the actual value.
Filters are applied to byte values, not pixels; pixel values may be one or two bytes, or several values per byte, but never cross byte boundaries. The filter types are: [31]. The Paeth filter is based on an algorithm by Alan W. Compression is further improved by choosing filter types adaptively on a line-by-line basis.
This improvement, and a heuristic method of implementing it commonly used by PNG-writing software, were created by Lee Daniel Crocker , who tested the methods on many images during the creation of the format; [33] the choice of filter is a component of file size optimization, as discussed below.
If interlacing is used, each stage of the interlacing is filtered separately, meaning that the image can be progressively rendered as each stage is received; however, interlacing generally makes compression less effective. PNG offers an optional 2-dimensional, 7-pass interlacing scheme—the Adam7 algorithm. This is more sophisticated than GIF's 1-dimensional, 4-pass scheme, and allows a clearer low-resolution image to be visible earlier in the transfer, particularly if interpolation algorithms such as bicubic interpolation are used.
PNG itself does not support animation. MNG shares PNG's basic structure and chunks, but it is significantly more complex and has a different file signature, which automatically renders it incompatible with standard PNG decoders, which led to MNG to almost have no support or support dropped by most web browsers or applications.
Today APNG format is currently widely supported by all major web browsers. IEN D. Displayed in the fashion of hex editors , with on the left side byte values shown in hex format , and on the right side their equivalent characters from ISO with unrecognized and control characters replaced with periods. Additionally the PNG signature and individual chunks are marked with colors.
PNG images are less widely supported by older browsers. The JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group format can produce a smaller file than PNG for photographic and photo-like images, since JPEG uses a lossy encoding method specifically designed for photographic image data, which is typically dominated by soft, low-contrast transitions, and an amount of noise or similar irregular structures.
In comparison, when storing images that contain text, line art, or graphics — images with sharp transitions and large areas of solid color — the PNG format can compress image data more than JPEG can.
Such artifacts depend on the settings used in the JPG compression; they can be quite noticeable when a low-quality [high-compression] setting is used. Where an image contains both sharp transitions and photographic parts, a choice must be made between the two effects. JPEG does not support transparency. JPEG's lossy compression also suffers from generation loss , where repeatedly decoding and re-encoding an image to save it again causes a loss of information each time, degrading the image.
Because PNG is lossless, it is suitable for storing images to be edited. While PNG is reasonably efficient when compressing photographic images, there are lossless compression formats designed specifically for photographic images, lossless WebP and Adobe DNG digital negative for example.
However these formats are either not widely supported, or are proprietary. An image can be stored losslessly and converted to JPEG format only for distribution, so that there is no generation loss. While the PNG specification does not explicitly include a standard for embedding Exif image data from sources such as digital cameras, the preferred method for embedding EXIF data in a PNG is to use the non-critical ancillary chunk label eXIf.
JPEG was commonly used when exporting images containing gradients for web pages, because of GIF's limited color depth. However, JPEG compression causes a gradient to blur slightly.
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